{"id":17,"date":"2019-10-22T10:21:00","date_gmt":"2019-10-22T08:21:00","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/?page_id=17"},"modified":"2022-02-25T16:34:21","modified_gmt":"2022-02-25T15:34:21","slug":"induktivna-statistika","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/induktivna-statistika\/","title":{"rendered":"Indukt\u00edvna \u0161tatistika"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Indukt\u00edvna (zov\u0161eobec\u0148uj\u00faca) \u0161tatistika<\/strong> je tvoren\u00e1 s\u00faborom met\u00f3d, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdsledky z v\u00fdberov\u00fdch s\u00faborov (z\u00edskan\u00fdch <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/vyber-vyskumnej-vzorky\/nahodny-vyber\/\">n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm<\/a> v\u00fdberom) zov\u0161eobec\u0148ova\u0165 na z\u00e1kladn\u00fd s\u00fabor (popul\u00e1ciu). K prim\u00e1rnym oblastiam indukt\u00edvnej \u0161tatistiky patr\u00ed te\u00f3ria odhadu a te\u00f3ria testovania hypot\u00e9z, ktor\u00e9 vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z te\u00f3rie pravdepodobnosti.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>\u0160tatistick\u00e9 odhady<\/strong> &#8211; aritmetick\u00fd priemer, rozptyl, proporcie v\u00fdskytu \u00fadajov v\u00fdberov\u00e9ho s\u00faboru s\u00fa <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/deskriptivna-statistika\/54-2\/\">\u0161tatistick\u00e9 ukazovatele,<\/a> ktor\u00e9 vyjadruj\u00fa vlastnosti v\u00fdberov\u00e9ho s\u00faboru. V\u00fdskumn\u00edkov predov\u0161etk\u00fdm zauj\u00edmaj\u00fa znaky z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho s\u00faboru (popul\u00e1cie), napr. popula\u010dn\u00fd priemer, popula\u010dn\u00fd rozptyl at\u010f. Popula\u010dn\u00e9 charakteristiky sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa i <strong>parametre<\/strong>. Na z\u00e1klade \u00fadajov z\u00edskan\u00fdch n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm v\u00fdberom rob\u00edme odhady parametrov z\u00e1kladn\u00e9ho s\u00faboru (Ritomsk\u00fd, 2015). Cennou inform\u00e1ciou je zistenie popula\u010dn\u00e9ho priemeru a <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/spss-interval-spolahlivosti\/\">intervalu spo\u013eahlivosti<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/induktivna-statistika\/129-2\/\"><strong>\u0160tatistick\u00e9 hypot\u00e9zy <\/strong><\/a>mo\u017eno verifikova\u0165 na z\u00e1klade <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/induktivna-statistika\/komparacna-analyza\/\">kompar\u00e1cie s\u00faborov<\/a> pod\u013ea jednotliv\u00fdch typov premenn\u00fdch (nomin\u00e1lne, ordin\u00e1lne, kardin\u00e1lne) alebo na z\u00e1klade h\u013eadania <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/induktivna-statistika\/korelacna-analyza\/\">vz\u0165ahov (korel\u00e1ci\u00ed)<\/a> medzi premenn\u00fdmi.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Indukt\u00edvna \u0161tatistika obsahuje rozhodnutie o zamietnut\u00ed, resp. o nezamietnut\u00ed \u0161tatistickej hypot\u00e9zy. Jej \u00falohou je, ako uv\u00e1dza Rimar\u010d\u00edk (2013), na z\u00e1klade inform\u00e1ci\u00ed z n\u00e1hodn\u00fdch vzoriek robi\u0165 z\u00e1very o cel\u00fdch z\u00e1kladn\u00fdch s\u00faboroch, z ktor\u00fdch vzorky poch\u00e1dzaj\u00fa. K tomuto sa vyu\u017e\u00edvaj\u00fa <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/induktivna-statistika\/129-2\/\">testy \u0161tatistick\u00fdch hypot\u00e9z<\/a> a intervalov\u00e9 odhady.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">\u0160tatistick\u00e9 testy (testy \u0161tatistickej signifikancie) s\u00fa postupy, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa zisti\u0165 pravdepodobnos\u0165, \u010di v\u00fdsledky n\u00e1jden\u00e9 vo v\u00fdberovom s\u00fabore boli sp\u00f4soben\u00e9 v\u00fdberovou chybou, alebo \u010di s\u00fa odrazom skuto\u010dn\u00fdch javov, ktor\u00e9 existuj\u00fa v popul\u00e1cii, z ktorej bol tento v\u00fdberov\u00fd s\u00fabor z\u00edskan\u00fd (Rabu\u0161ic, Soukup, Mare\u0161, 2019).<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><em>Pou\u017eitie indukt\u00edvnej \u0161tatistiky na vzork\u00e1ch, ktor\u00e9 neboli z\u00edskan\u00e9 n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm v\u00fdberom a nie s\u00fa pova\u017eovan\u00e9 za pravdepodobnostn\u00e9 v\u00fdbery (napr. <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/vyber-vyskumnej-vzorky\/zamerny-vyber\/\">kv\u00f3tne<\/a> v\u00fdbery) nie je korektn\u00e9 ani spr\u00e1vne \u2013 takto vypo\u010d\u00edtan\u00e1 p-hodnota je ni\u010dnehovodiace \u010d\u00edslo. Zov\u0161eobec\u0148ovanie z\u00e1verov z nen\u00e1hodn\u00fdch v\u00fdberov je nemo\u017en\u00e9 (Rimar\u010d\u00edk, 2015). <\/em><em><strong>Adekv\u00e1tny v\u00fdber v\u00fdskumnej vzorky je z\u00a0tohto d\u00f4vodu podmienkou<\/strong>.<\/em><\/span><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 podotkn\u00fa\u0165, \u017ee i v pr\u00edpade, ke\u010f pracujeme s reprezentat\u00edvnym v\u00fdskumn\u00fdm s\u00faborom, mus\u00edme v\u00fdsledky signifikancie interpretova\u0165 obozretne. Najm\u00e4 vo ve\u013ek\u00fdch v\u00fdskumn\u00fdch s\u00faboroch (okolo 1000 respondentov) vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa i pomerne mal\u00e9 rozdiely v priemeroch \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00e9. V\u017edy je potrebn\u00e9 ak\u00fdko\u013evek v\u00fdsledok zv\u00e1\u017ei\u0165 z h\u013eadiska:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">pos\u00fadenia rozdielu\/vz\u0165ahu v\u00fdskumn\u00edkom, odborn\u00e9 pos\u00fadenie toho, nako\u013eko s\u00fa zisten\u00e9 rozdiely\/vz\u0165ahy v\u00fdznamn\u00e9 z vedeck\u00e9ho i praktick\u00e9ho h\u013eadiska,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">porovnanie v\u00fdsledkov s v\u00fdsledkami in\u00fdch \u0161t\u00fadi\u00ed, \u010do n\u00e1m pom\u00f4\u017ee pos\u00fadi\u0165, \u010di je nami zisten\u00fd v\u00fdsledok v\u00fdznamn\u00fd (nielen \u0161tatisticky),<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">pos\u00fadenia rozdielu\/vz\u0165ahu z h\u013eadiska vecnej v\u00fdznamnosti (Cohen\u00b4s d)<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">pos\u00fadenia rozdielu\/vz\u0165ahu z h\u013eadiska Bayesovskej \u0161tatistiky*.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-size: 14pt; font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif;\">* Problematike vecnej v\u00fdznamnosti a Bayesovskej \u0161tatistiky sa nebudeme podrobnej\u0161ie venova\u0165, uveden\u00e1 problematika presahuje zameranie tejto e-u\u010debnice. Pre z\u00e1ujemcov odkazujeme na <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/pouzita-a-odporucana-literatura\/\">Rabu\u0161ic, Soukup, Mare\u0161 (2019)<\/a>, s. 226-228, <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/pouzita-a-odporucana-literatura\/\">Raj\u010d\u00e1ni, Marton\u010d\u00edk, Ka\u010dm\u00e1r, (2021)<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Indukt\u00edvna (zov\u0161eobec\u0148uj\u00faca) \u0161tatistika je tvoren\u00e1 s\u00faborom met\u00f3d, ktor\u00e9 umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00fa v\u00fdsledky z v\u00fdberov\u00fdch s\u00faborov (z\u00edskan\u00fdch n\u00e1hodn\u00fdm v\u00fdberom) zov\u0161eobec\u0148ova\u0165 na z\u00e1kladn\u00fd s\u00fabor (popul\u00e1ciu). K prim\u00e1rnym oblastiam indukt\u00edvnej \u0161tatistiky patr\u00ed te\u00f3ria odhadu a te\u00f3ria testovania hypot\u00e9z, ktor\u00e9 vych\u00e1dzaj\u00fa z te\u00f3rie pravdepodobnosti. \u0160tatistick\u00e9 odhady &#8211; aritmetick\u00fd priemer, rozptyl, proporcie v\u00fdskytu \u00fadajov v\u00fdberov\u00e9ho s\u00faboru s\u00fa \u0161tatistick\u00e9 ukazovatele, ktor\u00e9 vyjadruj\u00fa vlastnosti [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1549,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"templates\/template-full-width.php","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-17","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17"}],"version-history":[{"count":25,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2226,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/17\/revisions\/2226"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1549"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}