{"id":219,"date":"2020-01-25T10:19:45","date_gmt":"2020-01-25T09:19:45","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/?page_id=219"},"modified":"2022-02-25T16:38:21","modified_gmt":"2022-02-25T15:38:21","slug":"druhy-premennych","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/druhy-premennych\/","title":{"rendered":"Druhy premenn\u00fdch"},"content":{"rendered":"<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">V ka\u017edom v\u00fdskume zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa premenn\u00e9 ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu, m\u00f4\u017eeme ich ozna\u010di\u0165 za z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 stavebn\u00e9 kamene empirick\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu. Na to, aby mohol by\u0165 ak\u00fdko\u013evek v\u00fdskum \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd, je potrebn\u00e9, aby si v\u00fdskumn\u00edk dok\u00e1zal ur\u010di\u0165 premenn\u00e9. Tento krok je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou operacionaliz\u00e1cie.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Premenn\u00e1 je \u010doko\u013evek, \u010do m\u00f4\u017eeme vo v\u00fdskume mera\u0165 alebo ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 <\/strong>(Walker, 2013).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Je to znak, ktor\u00fd symbolicky vyjadruje ur\u010dit\u00fa vlastnos\u0165 (charakteristiku) sk\u00faman\u00e9ho objektu.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><strong>Hodnoty premenn\u00fdch <\/strong>reflektuj\u00fa jednotliv\u00e9 modifik\u00e1cie, ktor\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017ee t\u00e1to vlastnos\u0165 re\u00e1lne nadob\u00fada\u0165. Premenn\u00e1 mus\u00ed disponova\u0165 minim\u00e1lne dvomi hodnotami\/kateg\u00f3riami vlastnost\u00ed (napr. hodnotami premennej pohlavie s\u00fa &#8222;mu\u017e&#8220;, &#8222;\u017eena&#8220;; hodnotami premennej vek s\u00fa &#8222;26&#8220;, &#8222;27&#8220;, &#8222;28&#8220; at\u010f.; hodnotami premennej vzdelanie s\u00fa &#8222;z\u00e1kladn\u00e9&#8220;, &#8222;stredo\u0161kolsk\u00e9&#8220;, &#8222;vysoko\u0161kolsk\u00e9&#8220;).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">S hodnotami premennej operujeme v hypot\u00e9ze: <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/induktivna-statistika\/129-2\/\">hypot\u00e9za <\/a>kon\u0161tatuje predpokladan\u00fd vz\u0165ah medzi dvomi jasne definovan\u00fdmi premenn\u00fdmi. Napr\u00edklad, ak overujeme hypot\u00e9zu: Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee existuje \u0161tatisticky v\u00fdznamn\u00fd rozdiel v kvalite \u017eivota medzi mu\u017emi a \u017eenami, tak premenn\u00e9 bud\u00fa: kvalita \u017eivota ( jej hodnotami je hrub\u00e9 sk\u00f3re v pr\u00edslu\u0161nom dotazn\u00edku) a pohlavie (hodnotami premennej s\u00fa: mu\u017e, \u017eena).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Premenn\u00e1 je symbolick\u00e9 vyjadrenie vlastnosti ur\u010ditej sk\u00famanej jednotky. Je to <strong>podstatn\u00e1 vlastnos\u0165<\/strong>, ktor\u00e1 ur\u010duje dan\u00fd jav.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Premenn\u00e9 m\u00f4\u017eeme klasifikova\u0165 z r\u00f4znych h\u013ead\u00edsk &#8211; vi\u010f. obr\u00e1zok:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><img fetchpriority=\"high\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"aligncenter\" src=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Sn\u00edmka5969.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"621\" height=\"401\" \/><\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Z h\u013eadiska vyjadrenia <strong>OBSAHU<\/strong>:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><b>kvantitat\u00edvna premenn\u00e1 <\/b>&#8211; je vyjadren\u00e1 \u010d\u00edslicami a dosahuje ur\u010dit\u00e9 \u010d\u00edseln\u00e9 hodnoty. M\u00f4\u017eeme sa p\u00fdta\u0165 ot\u00e1zkou \u201eko\u013eko?\u201c Charakterizuje nejak\u00e9 mno\u017estvo, mieru, ve\u013ekos\u0165, frekvenciu, dosiahnut\u00fa \u00farove\u0148 v % a pod. (Napr\u00edklad kvantitat\u00edvnou premennou je v\u00fd\u0161ka IQ a jej hodnotami m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 sk\u00f3re v teste IQ, napr. IQ 100, IQ 105, IQ 118 at\u010f.).<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\"><b>kvalitat\u00edvna premenn\u00e1<\/b> &#8211; ur\u010duje charakteristick\u00e9 vlastnosti jednotiek sk\u00famania a je vyjadren\u00e1 slovne. M\u00f4\u017eeme sa p\u00fdta\u0165 ot\u00e1zkou napr. \u201eak\u00fd typ?\u201c (Napr\u00edklad, kvalitat\u00edvnou premennou je profesia respondenta a jej jednotliv\u00fdmi hodnotami m\u00f4\u017eu by\u0165:\u00a0 u\u010dite\u013e, soci\u00e1lny pracovn\u00edk, psychol\u00f3g, \u00faradn\u00edk at\u010f.).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Z h\u013eadiska <strong>MIESTA<\/strong> vo v\u00fdskume :<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">nez\u00e1visl\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 (prediktor, explana\u010dn\u00e1 premenn\u00e1) \u2013 sp\u00f4sobuje dan\u00fd efekt,<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">z\u00e1visl\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 (vysvet\u013eovan\u00e1 premenn\u00e1) \u2013 vplyvom nez\u00e1vislej premennej sa men\u00ed, jej kvalita, hodnota a pod. z\u00e1vis\u00ed od inej premennej (nez\u00e1vislej premennej).<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Pr\u00edklad:<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Z h\u013eadiska rozli\u0161ovania, \u010di je premenn\u00e1 z\u00e1visl\u00e1 alebo nez\u00e1visl\u00e1, je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fd cie\u013e v\u00fdskumu a hypot\u00e9zy. Jedna a t\u00e1 ist\u00e1 premenn\u00e1 m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 vo v\u00fdskume miesto z\u00e1vislej i nez\u00e1vislej premennej.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Napr. premenn\u00e1 v\u00e1ha \u010dloveka m\u00f4\u017ee ma\u0165 v dvoch hypot\u00e9zach rozli\u010dn\u00e9 miesto:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">miesto nez\u00e1vislej premennej: H1 Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee spokojnos\u0165 s v\u00fdzorom z\u00e1vis\u00ed od v\u00e1hy \u010dloveka.<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">miesto z\u00e1vislej premennej: H2 Predpoklad\u00e1me, \u017ee v\u00e1ha die\u0165a\u0165a z\u00e1vis\u00ed od veku die\u0165a\u0165a.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Rozli\u0161ovanie z\u00e1vislej a nez\u00e1vislej premennej je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 najm\u00e4 pri pou\u017eit\u00ed viacrozmern\u00fdch \u0161tatistick\u00fdch met\u00f3d, napr. pri regresnej anal\u00fdze. Ale rozli\u0161ova\u0165 z\u00e1visl\u00fa a nez\u00e1visl\u00fa premenn\u00fa je d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 v r\u00e1mci takmer ka\u017edej \u0161tatistickej anal\u00fdzy, pri zad\u00e1van\u00ed premenn\u00fdch do anal\u00fdzy v programe SPSS je nevyhnutn\u00e9 rozli\u0161ova\u0165 medzi z\u00e1vislou a nez\u00e1vislou premennou (napr. <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/deskriptivna-statistika\/druhostupnove-triedenie-dat\/\">videouk\u00e1\u017eka<\/a>: 1:17 min\u00fata).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">V pr\u00edpade spracovania v\u00fdsledkov v\u00fdskumu \u0161tatistickou anal\u00fdzou je pre v\u00fdskumn\u00edka ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00e9 rozli\u0161ova\u0165 premenn\u00e9 z h\u013eadiska <strong>MERANIA<\/strong>, od \u010doho sa potom odv\u00edja v\u00fdber \u0161tatistick\u00fdch met\u00f3d. Naj\u010dastej\u0161ie sa pou\u017e\u00edva delenie na tri typy premenn\u00fdch, ktor\u00e9 sa naz\u00fdvaj\u00fa aj \u0161k\u00e1ly merania.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Meran\u00edm rozumieme systematick\u00e9 prira\u010fovanie \u010d\u00edsel sk\u00faman\u00fdm vlastnostiam alebo objektom (Kerlinger, 1972). \u00darovne ur\u010ditej premennej je mo\u017en\u00e9 kvantifikova\u0165, t.j. prira\u010fova\u0165 im \u010d\u00edsla. Toto prira\u010fovanie \u010d\u00edsel mus\u00ed re\u0161pektova\u0165 ur\u010dit\u00e9 pravidl\u00e1, ktor\u00e9 odzrkad\u013euj\u00fa empirick\u00e9 rel\u00e1cie na \u00farovn\u00ed premennej (napr. ak je osoba A vy\u0161\u0161ia ako osoba B, mus\u00edme osobe A priradi\u0165 vy\u0161\u0161ie \u010d\u00edslo).<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Prira\u010fovanie \u010d\u00edsel r\u00f4znym \u00farovniam sk\u00famanej premennej je teda meranie. S\u00fahrn takto z\u00edskan\u00fdch \u010d\u00edsel\/hodn\u00f4t ozna\u010dujeme ako <strong>d\u00e1ta<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\"><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">D\u00e1ta s\u00fa empirick\u00e9 inform\u00e1cie, \u010di z\u00e1znamy o stavoch empirick\u00fdch vlastnost\u00ed sk\u00faman\u00fdch javov a procesov, resp. z\u00e1znamy o hodnot\u00e1ch premenn\u00fdch (Ritomsk\u00fd, 2015). Postup nahadzovania d\u00e1t do programu SPSS n\u00e1jdete <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/program-spss-a-excel\/vkladanie-dat\/\">tu<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Z h\u013eadiska \u0161tatistickej anal\u00fdzy je k\u013e\u00fa\u010dov\u00e9 rozli\u0161ovanie premenn\u00fdch z h\u013eadiska merania &#8211; <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/druhy-premennych\/nominalna-premenna\/\">nomin\u00e1lna<\/a>, <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/druhy-premennych\/ordinalna-premenna\/\">ordin\u00e1lna <\/a>a <a href=\"http:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/druhy-premennych\/kardinalna-premenna\/\">kardin\u00e1lna <\/a>\u00farove\u0148.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">! Jedna vlastnos\u0165 m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vyjadren\u00e1 r\u00f4znymi typmi premenn\u00fdch. Napr.: plat m\u00f4\u017ee by\u0165 vyjadren\u00fd ako:<\/span><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">nomin\u00e1lna premenn\u00e1: s pr\u00edplatkom, bez pr\u00edplatku;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">ordin\u00e1lna premenn\u00e1: do 400 \u20ac, od 401 do 600 \u20ac, od 601 do 900 \u20ac, nad 900 \u20ac;<\/span><\/li>\n<li><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">kardin\u00e1lna premenn\u00e1: 968,40 \u20ac.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">!\u00a0<strong>Premenn\u00fa je potrebn\u00e9 mera\u0165 na najvy\u0161\u0161ej mo\u017enej zmysluplnej \u0161k\u00e1le \u2013\u00a0 \u010d\u00edm vy\u0161\u0161ia \u00farove\u0148 merania, t\u00fdm presnej\u0161ie, spo\u013eahlivej\u0161ie a validnej\u0161ie d\u00e1ta<\/strong>.<\/span><\/p>\n<blockquote><p><span style=\"font-family: helvetica, arial, sans-serif; font-size: 14pt;\">Kardin\u00e1lne premenn\u00e9 obsahuj\u00fa v\u0161etky inform\u00e1cie a v pr\u00edpade potreby ich v\u017edy m\u00f4\u017eeme transformova\u0165 na znaky ni\u017e\u0161ej \u00farovne (nomin\u00e1lne \u010di ordin\u00e1lne). V programe SPSS cez pr\u00edkazy: Transform &#8211; Recode into Same Variebles&#8230;, pr\u00edp. Recode into Different Variables&#8230;:<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify;\">\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>V ka\u017edom v\u00fdskume zohr\u00e1vaj\u00fa premenn\u00e9 ve\u013emi d\u00f4le\u017eit\u00fa \u00falohu, m\u00f4\u017eeme ich ozna\u010di\u0165 za z\u00e1kladn\u00e9 stavebn\u00e9 kamene empirick\u00e9ho v\u00fdskumu. Na to, aby mohol by\u0165 ak\u00fdko\u013evek v\u00fdskum \u00faspe\u0161n\u00fd, je potrebn\u00e9, aby si v\u00fdskumn\u00edk dok\u00e1zal ur\u010di\u0165 premenn\u00e9. Tento krok je s\u00fa\u010das\u0165ou operacionaliz\u00e1cie. Premenn\u00e1 je \u010doko\u013evek, \u010do m\u00f4\u017eeme vo v\u00fdskume mera\u0165 alebo ovplyv\u0148ova\u0165 (Walker, 2013). Je to znak, ktor\u00fd symbolicky [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-219","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/219","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=219"}],"version-history":[{"count":32,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/219\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":2231,"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/219\/revisions\/2231"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/estatistika.ku.sk\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=219"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}